Related professional knowledge 21 points analysis
1, in general, a drug can be prepared in a variety of dosage forms, the same pharmacological effect, but the different routes of administration may produce different therapeutic effects: ① different dosage forms to change the nature of the drug’s action; ② different dosage forms to change the speed of the drug’s action; ③ different dosage forms to change the drug’s adverse reactions; ④ some dosage forms can produce a targeted effect; ⑤ some dosage forms to affect the therapeutic effect.
2, pharmacy is the study of the basic theory of pharmaceutical preparations, prescription design, preparation process, quality control and rational application of the contents of the comprehensive technical disciplines.
3, different dosage forms to change the nature of the role of drugs Most drugs change the nature of the role of the dosage form remains unchanged, but some drugs can change the nature of the role of drugs, such as magnesium sulfate oral dosage form used as a laxative, but 5% injection intravenous drip, can inhibit the central nervous system of the brain, sedative, antispasmodic effect.
4, injections, aerosols, sublingual tablets, transdermal patches, etc. can avoid the hepatic first-pass effect, gastrointestinal pH and enzymes, etc. on the degradation of drugs and drugs on the gastrointestinal tract stimulation, improve bioavailability.
5、Over-the-the-counter medicines Without a prescription from a licensed physician or a licensed physician assistant, consumers can purchase and use medicines at their own discretion. Selected by experts, approved and announced by the State Food and Drug Administration. In the packaging of non-prescription drugs, must be printed with the state-specified proprietary logo of non-prescription drugs. Non-prescription drugs are also known as “over-the-counter drugs” (OTC) in foreign countries. At present, OTC has become a global abbreviation for non-prescription drugs.
6, the factors affecting the dissolution rate can be analyzed according to the Noyes-Whitney equation.
7、In addition to solubilization and emulsification, surfactants are also commonly used as suspending agents, foaming agents and antifoaming agents, decontaminants, disinfectants or bactericides.
8, Tween class HLB value between 10.5 ~ 16.7, for O / W type emulsifier.
A. Lanolin – natural emulsifier (W / O type)
B.Octadecanol–W/O type emulsifier
C.Calcium stearate – lubricant
D.Tween-80 – O/W emulsifier
E. Glyceryl monostearate – W/O coemulsifier
9. HLB = (5.16 + 6.68)/1 = 11.84
10, non-homogeneous liquid formulations: for the unstable multi-phase dispersion system, including the following: ① sol-gel agent also known as hydrophobic colloidal solution; ② dispersed by the insoluble liquid drug dispersed in the dispersing medium to form an unevenly dispersed system called emulsion; ③ by the insoluble solid drug dispersed in the dispersing medium to form an unevenly dispersed system of particulate state is called a suspension.
11, syrup easily contaminated by microorganisms, low concentration of syrup should be added preservatives.
12, solution agent refers to the drug dissolved in the solvent to form a clear liquid preparation. According to the need to add co-solvents, antioxidants, flavoring agents, coloring agents and other additives.
13, where the required dose in a given volume of solvent can not be completely dissolved in the insoluble drugs, or taste discomfort, difficult to swallow the drug or two solutions mixed with reduced solubility of the drug, as well as in order to play a long-acting role or to improve the stability of the drug in aqueous solution, can be designed to make a suspension. However, for the sake of uniformity and safety, small doses of drugs and toxic drugs should not be made into a suspension.
15, the combination refers to water as a solvent containing one or more of the drug components of the internal liquid preparations.
16, for intravenous and spinal cavity injection of the injection should be equal or close to the plasma osmolality. Otherwise, hypotonic solution will cause red blood cell swelling, hemolysis; hypertonic solution will make red blood cell atrophy.
17, pH requirements equal to or close to blood (blood pH about 7.4), generally controlled in the range of 4 to 9
18, high temperature method; acid-base method; adsorption method; ion exchange method; gel filtration method; ultrafiltration method
Note: pyrogen is small in size, 1-5nm, general filter can be passed, even if the microporous filter membrane can not be retained.
19, sterile powder for injection, also known as powder, refers to the drug made for clinical use before the use of suitable sterile solution formulated into a clarified solution or a uniform suspension of sterile powder or sterile block, can be used for injection after the preparation of suitable solvents for injection, can also be used for intravenous infusion solution formulated for intravenous drip.
21, impact pulverizer: impact pulverizer on the material force to the impact of the main force, suitable for brittle, tough materials, as well as crushed, fine, ultra-fine crushing, etc., widely used, and therefore has a “universal pulverizer” said. Its typical crushing structure of hammer and impact column type.
22, implantable tablets: the sterile tablets implanted into the subcutaneous slow release of drugs to maintain the efficacy of a few weeks, months until a few years of tablets. Such as contraceptive implantable tablets have obtained better results. Agents that are not orally administered
