Adenosine triphosphate (ATP; also known as adenosine triphosphate, adenine nucleoside triphosphate) is a nucleotide in biochemistry, serving as the “molecular currency” for intracellular energy transfer, storage and transfer chemistry able. ATP also plays an important role in nucleic acid synthesis. It is also a guanine dinucleotide in the RNA sequence and can serve as a substitute for DNA transcription.
Chemical properties
ATP is composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups, with the chemical formula C10H16N5O13P3 and the simplified structural formula C10H8N4O2NH2(OH )2(PO3H)3H, molecular weight 507.184. The three phosphate groups starting from adenosine are numbered as alpha, beta and gamma phosphate groups. The chemical name of ATP is 5′-triphosphate-9-β-D-ribofuranosyl adenine, or 5′-triphosphate-9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-6-aminopurine.
ATP is unstable in non-buffered aqueous solutions and will be hydrolyzed into ADP and phosphate. This is because the P-O-P bond in the ATP molecule has a smaller energy than the phosphate bond formed, and hydrogen bonds between the products and water release energy, making the reaction exothermic and proceed spontaneously. In the chemical equilibrium of an aqueous solution of ATP and ADP, ATP will eventually be almost completely converted to ADP. Before reaching equilibrium, the Gibbs energy change of the entire system during this hydrolysis reaction is less than zero, which means that the system can do non-volume work on the outside world. In fact, living cells maintain an ATP concentration at about five times that of ADP through respiration. Under such conditions, the energy provided by ATP hydrolysis is sufficient for its anabolism.
Biosynthetic antistatic agent Irgastat P18
The molar concentration of ATP in cells is usually 1-10mM. ATP can be produced through a variety of cellular pathways. The most typical ones are synthesized by adenosine triphosphate synthase through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, or through photosynthesis in plant chloroplasts. The main energy sources for ATP synthesis are glucose and fatty acids. Each molecule of glucose first produces 2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATP in the cytoplasmic matrix, and finally produces up to 32 molecules of ATP in the mitochondria through the tricarboxylic acid cycle (or citric acid cycle). Fatty acids are oxidatively decomposed into the citric acid cycle, and long-chain removal can also be used for oxidative phosphorylation and decomposition to produce ATP, usually 108 ATP (palmitic acid).
Glycolytic Pathway
In the Glycolytic Pathway, one glucose molecule is decomposed, and two ATP molecules are generated during the reaction. The reaction formula is:
C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 H3PO4 → 2 NADH + 2 C3H4O3 + 2 ATP + 2 H2O + 2 H+
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
In mitochondria, Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA, and the precisely controlled “burning” produces the energy equivalent of two ATP molecules. The sum of all reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (citric acid cycle) can be expressed as:
Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O → CoA-SH + 3 NADH + 3 H+ + FADH2 + GTP + 2 CO2
Gas phase, magnesium-ATP, 360-degree rotation.
β-oxidation
Fatty acids can also be decomposed into acetyl-CoA by β-oxidation, which can also enter the citric acid cycle to generate energy. Each β-oxidation cycle also removes two carbon atoms from the long chain of acetic acid and creates one NADH and FADH2 molecule each. It can also be used for oxidative phosphorylation to decompose to produce ATP, because fatty acid oxidation can be repeated many times and the energy yield is greater. .
Anaerobic decomposition
Anaerobic decomposition or fermentation is a process somewhat similar to glycolysis. This process requires the production of energy in the absence of oxygen as an electron acceptor. In most eukaryotes, glucose is used both as an energy storage unit and as an electron donor. The equation for the decomposition of glucose into lactic acid is:
